Did you know that... HOURS AWAKE is equivalent to a blood alcohol content of °/o 0.05 DO NOT DRIVE WHEN FATIGUED all•· 1•1 al International n �fc5����� Producers Visit www.iogp.org/fatigue/ to learn more about combatting fatigue.
Land transportation safety recommended practice - journey management www.iogp.org 1. Before, during, and after the journey A good Journey Management Plan is simple to put in place and should quickly become part of your everyday routine. The more often you do it, the easier it will be to follow. We automatically follow many of the journey planning steps, without even thinking about it. It’s advisable to conduct a post-trip review even following a successful journey to understand whether a safe journey occurred due to luck or due to good journey management. Plan the journey to allow time to complete it (including rest breaks and foreseeable weather and traffic conditions) at safe speed and without needing to exceed speed limits. This can help relieve pressure for running late. Review before starting out on a journey. 1.1 Before the journey Before starting out on a journey, it’s advisable to review the journey management checklist and review the following: • • • • Visually inspect vehicle Ensure loads are secure Evaluate road conditions Ensure driver fitness (physical, psychological, alertness) An example of a journey management checklist can be found in Appendix D. 1.2 During the journey On Route While on route during the trip, it is important to consider the following: • • • • Maintain communication per the check-in process Adjust trip plan as required based on local conditions Ensure compliance with trip plan (e.g., completion of rest breaks) Report any incidents It is important to have and use a check-in system during a journey: • The main purpose of a check-in system is to verify the well-being of employees. It’s a quick process in which the employer communicates with the driver or their passenger to verify their location, and that the trip is going as planned. • Check-ins can be performed by using a variety of means - using landlines, cell phones or satellite phones, emails, text messages, two-way radios, or mobile apps. The crucial factor in making check-ins work is that the chosen means of communication must reliably enable the worker to initiate and receive communications. When planning a trip, it is important to consider limitations that could create gaps - poor cell service or Wi-Fi availability, or satellite and repeater dead zones. Accommodate those inconsistencies in the trip plan and check-in process. 15
www.iogp.org • The roles and responsibilities of the check-in contacts need to be clearly described and understood by relevant parties. • The check-in system should be incorporated into the road transportation emergency response plan. 2. After the journey Post-trip activities are as important as any other stage of a trip. What is done post-trip can have a significant effect on subsequent trips by the current driver and others. Communication • Conclude the trip by speaking with the journey manager • Provide updates for other drivers of any new and/or temporary hazardous conditions (e.g., road, weather, visibility, traffic) that may affect them • Provide updates for road hazard assessment(s) for more permanent hazards Vehicle • Post-trip inspection and vehicle repair notification are important steps for safety and for operational efficiency • If a repair is not made in a timely manner, it may delay a trip and could cause a driver to feel pressure to rush and/or cause inconvenience for the customer/client; the next driver should not be put into a position to drive an unsafe vehicle on the next trip to avoid a delay • Security – make sure the vehicle is parked in a place that is safe for the vehicle and the load • Clean and refuel for next trip or trip segment Driver • Incident reporting – report near misses and observations of hazardous situations • Manage off-duty hours for maximum restorative rest • Maintain qualifications and certifications The whole process can be summarised as in the following page: 1
2 YES Discuss with manager, dispatcher and/or client Driver must obtain an adequate rest time period NO Has driver had adequate rest? PERFORM TRIP, UPDATE TRIP INFORMATION AS AGREED Notification of the trip can be submitted verbally NO Shut down YES Does driver feel fatigued? NO YES Does driver feel comfortable driving under current road/weather conditions? ROUTINE, NON-ESCALATING EXPOSURE Monitor until conditions improve QUALIFIED DRIVER NO ENVIRONMENT Is driver qualified for this vehicle? YES Is equipment properly maintained, meet safe performance criteria & load-secured properly? Is pre-trip inspection completed? EQUIPMENT Complete documented risk assessment Obtain approval by designated supervisor based on the level of risk exposure NON-ROUTINE, ESCALATING EXPOSURE Analyse road & weather conditions YES Will illness or any medication driver is taking effect driving skills? Not acceptable to drive vehicle Shut down for repair Establish trip specifics with journey manager NO NO PERFORM TRIP, STOP AT DESIGNATED LOCATIONS, MAINTAIN ESTABLISHED COMMUNICATIONS, UPDATE TRIP INFORMATION AS AGREED Land transportation safety recommended practice - journey management www.iogp.org
Land transportation safety recommended practice - journey management www.iogp.org Driver fatigue Fatigue is a consequence of poor journey planning and is a major contributor to deaths on the road. It can be caused by: • Inadequate or low quality sleep • Driving when alertness is at its lowest (e.g., 2 am–6 am) or in the afternoon lull (2pm-4pm), when our biological clocks make most of us feel sleepy • Having a sleep disorder such as sleep apnea or insomnia • Use of some over-the-counter or prescription medications • Stress, depression, or illness Research has shown that going without sleep for 17 hours has the same effect on driving ability as a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of .05. Going without sleep for 24 hours has the same effect as a BAC of .10. Sleepiness reduces alertness and awareness of hazards, slows reaction times, and increases the likelihood of being involved in an accident. It is important to encourage a culture of safety and alertness by asking drivers how they have been feeling while driving. This can help raise awareness of fatigue, its impact while driving, and how to manage it. Journeys should be scheduled carefully to avoid night driving and those times of the day when falling asleep is most likely. Tips for managing fatigue2: • Get adequate sleep/rest prior to starting the trip • Try to avoid driving during the hours known to be at highest risk for fatigue (between approximately 0200hr-0600hr) • Plan adequate breaks during the trip (at least every 2 hours) • Seek medical attention to treat sleep disorders • Consider use of fatigue monitoring tools • Use cars equipped with driver assist features (e.g., lane departure warning) 2 For more information, see IOGP Report 626-1 – Fatigue Information Sheet “Managing Driver Sleepiness” 3
Yawning or rubbing your eyes? Blinking frequently, with heavy eyelids, and difficulty focusing? Trouble keeping your head up? Drifting from your lane, or hitting rumble strips? Changing speed randomly? YOU’RE ALREADY FATIGUED Figure 6: Stop, you’re already fatigued poster – more available www.iogp.org/driver-fatigue/ The best way to avoid driving while fatigued is to get plenty of sleep or rest beforehand. Drivers are advised to plan long journeys to include rest breaks of at least 15 minutes at least every two hours. If tiredness kicks in before then, it is important to stop and rest as soon as possible. Indications of driver fatigue It is important to be on the alert for signs of drowsy driving such as: trouble keeping eyes open, difficulty in paying attention, head nodding or yawning frequently. Additional signs of fatigue include rubbing one’s eyes, frequent blinking, heavy eyelids, drifting from one’s lane, hitting shoulder rumble strips, and random variations of speed. Take a break As soon as any fatigue danger signs are noticed, pull over to a safe location, have a minimum of 15 minutes break and, if needed, take a quick nap. Alternative measures such as winding down the window, listening to music and talking to a passenger are not effective ways to keep alert. Working hours and fatigue When planning a journey, it is very important to take into consideration a worker’s commute time to and from work in addition to their working hours. The total amount of time behind the wheel and worked hours should not exceed 14hrs (see table below). 4
Land transportation safety recommended practice - journey management Table 2: Working hours and fatigue 8 8.25 8.5 9 10 11 12 13 14 9 9 9.25 9.5 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 10 10.25 10.5 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 11 11.25 11.5 12 13 14 15 16 17 12 12 12.25 12.5 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 13 13.25 13.5 14 15 16 17 18 19 14 14 14.3 14.5 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 WORKING HOURS 8 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 HOURS IN CONTROL OF A VEHICLE By planning your journey more carefully, you are more likely to stay fresh and vigilant at the wheel, safeguarding your own safety and the safety of others. Your safety is of primary importance. You must STOP if you are unsure of yourself or the conditions. 5
Fatigue is a lack of mental alertness, or drowsiness, arising from lack of sleep REDUCES 50 million ALERTNESS people injured 1.35 million people dead S L O W S REACTION TIMES globally per year due to road crashes AWARENESS OF HAZARDS 17 DECREASES 3x MORE LIKELY TO BE INVOLVED IN A ROAD CRASH HOURS AWAKE is equivalent to a blood alcohol content of 0.05% Yawning or rubbing your eyes? Blinking frequently, with heavy eyelids, and difficulty focusing? Trouble keeping your head up? Drifting from your lane, or hitting rumble strips? Changing speed randomly? YOU’RE ALREADY FATIGUED THE ONLY CURE FOR FATIGUE IS SLEEP 1in5 FATAL AND SERIOUS ROAD CRASHES DUE TO FATIGUE TAKE A BREAK DO NOT BE TEMPTED TO KEEP DRIVING TO REACH YOUR DESTINATION. Park somewhere safe, drink 1 OR 2 CUPS OF COFFEE, set an alarm for 20 mins and take a nap. ON WAKING, WALK AROUND OUTSIDE FOR 10 MINS TO WAKE UP PROPERLY BEFORE SETTING OFF AGAIN. For the next hour or two, you should benefit from the alerting effects of both the caffeine and the nap
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