A preposition is a word that establishes a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence. Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition, its object, and any modifying words. They can modify verbs or nouns, known as adverbial and adjectival phrases respectively. Common prepositions include "to," "of," "about," and "with."
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Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses in sentences. There are three types: coordinating, correlative, and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions join elements of equal importance, while subordinating conjunctions link dependent and independent clauses. Examples include "and," "but," "either/or," and "because."
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Direct speech involves repeating someone's words using speech marks, while indirect speech reports what was said without speech marks. Tense changes are common in indirect speech when reporting past events. For example, "I have a new car" becomes "He said he had a new car" in indirect speech.
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